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John Joseph "Black Jack" Pershing (September 13, 1860 – July 15, 1948) was the general in the United States Army who led the American Expeditionary Forces to victory over Germany in World War I, 1917–18. He rejected British and French demands that American forces be integrated with their armies, and insisted that the AEF would operate as a single unit under his command, although some American divisions fought under British command, and he also allowed all-black units to be integrated with the French army. US forces first saw serious battle at Cantigny, Chateau-Thierry, Belleau Wood, and Soissons. To speed up the arrival of the doughboys, they embarked for France leaving the heavy equipment behind, and used British and French tanks, artillery, airplanes and other munitions. In September 1918 at St. Mihiel, the First Army was directly under Pershing's command; it overwhelmed the salient which the German Army had held for three years. Pershing shifted 600,000 American soldiers to the heavily defended forests of the Argonne, keeping his divisions engaged in hard fighting for 47 days, alongside the French. That victory was one of several factors causing the Germans to call for an armistice, although Pershing himself wanted to continue the war, occupy all of Germany, and permanently destroy German militarism. Pershing is the only American to be promoted in his own lifetime to General of the Armies.〔A retroactive Congressional edict passed in 1976 promoted George Washington to the same rank but with higher seniority.〕 He served as a mentor to a generation of generals who led the United States Army in Europe during World War II, including George C. Marshall, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Omar Bradley, and George S. Patton. Some of his tactics have been criticized both by other commanders at the time and by modern historians. His reliance on costly frontal assaults, long after other Allied armies had abandoned such tactics, has been blamed for causing unnecessarily high American casualties.〔Sheffield, G. (2001). ''Forgotten Victory: The First World War: Myths and Realities'' (2002 ed.). London: Headline Book Publishing. ISBN 0-7472-7157-7〕 ==Early life== Pershing was born on a farm near Laclede, Missouri, to businessman John Fletcher Pershing and homemaker Ann Elizabeth Thompson. His paternal ancestors, whose name originally was Persching, emigrated from Germany in the late 18th century. Pershing's mother was of English descent. He also had five siblings: brothers James F. (1862–1933) and Ward (b. 1874), and sisters Mary Elizabeth (b. 1864), Anna May (1867–1955) and Grace (b. 1869); three other children died in infancy.〔Ruth and Rose, twins who died in 1872, and Frederick, who died in 1876. Vandiver, v.1, p.6〕 When the Civil War began, his father worked as a sutler for the 18th Missouri Volunteer Infantry, but did not serve in the military. Pershing attended a school in Laclede that was reserved for precocious students who were also the children of prominent citizens. Completing high school in 1878, he became a teacher of local African American children. In 1880, Pershing entered the North Missouri Normal School (now Truman State University) in Kirksville, Missouri. Two years later, he applied to the United States Military Academy. Pershing later admitted that serving in the military was secondary to attending West Point, and he had applied because the education offered was better than that obtainable in rural Missouri. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「John J. Pershing」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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